site of the original radium company city of orange. 0000077441 00000 n - Significance: The U.S. Radium Corporation site, including the surviving structural components dating to the period 1917-1926, were associated with nationally significant developments in health and safety standards, the ability of women reformers to secure protection for workers handling radioactive materials, and tools used to detect and Based on the results of one survey conducted in Tennessee, the average whole body exposure due to a radium-containing radioluminescent clock might be on the order of 7 to 9 mrem per year. The case was eventually settled in 1926 and several more suits were brought against the company in 1927 by Grace Fryer and Katherine Schaub. Duplication Services Web site. The typical release rate from watches using tritium sealed in glass tubes (e.g., GTLS) is less than 0.00025 uCi per hour. According to a Department of Commerce Information Circular from 1930, the paint might contain "from 0.7 to 3 and even 4 milligrams of radium element to 100 grams of zinc sulfide. It was delicate work, and radium-dial factories hired young women to do it. Once they have been promoted to the conduction band by the radiation, the electrons move to positively charged activator sites (e.g., copper, manganese, or silver impurities). United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. . Double-paged plates numbered 1-31. This firm refined ore and extracted radium used to make luminous paint for dials and hands of watches and other indicators. Even before official standards of workplace radiation exposure were established after World War II, data from dial painters' cases were a major source in the health and safety codes developed for the wartime Manhattan Project. 4 skeleton maps. |7pGoP]%P37`}! m2Las )S-,\5x7X\`=A{=7^{{nUp`V]aOr\2[sKvv1!{Kgx;Soo*RgQzqB]!.nmg^xyH=FL]! Orange was initially the agricultural portion of the City of Newark, and remained such until November 27, 1806, when the territory now encompassing all of the Oranges was detached, thus creating the Township of Orange by an act of the New Jersey State Legislature. Major firms located in Orange were the Monroe Calculating Company, manufacturers of the patented adding machines of the same name, and the Bates Manufacturing Company, producers of office accessories such as staplers and stampers. Orange, New Jersey, has origins in Connecticut's New Haven Colony. 046. During World War I, demand for dials, watches, and aircraft instruments painted with Undark surged, and the company expanded operations considerably. Us Radium Corp is a superfund site located at Alden And High Sts And Other Addresses, Orange, NJ 07050. The latter dose not only applies to the wearer of the watch, it also applies to anyone in the same room as the wearer of the watch. I don't have much information about the activities in these watches but it seems that they range from about 25 to 100 mCi. New Jersey Orange Essex County, 1968. Equally important, scientific investigation of these dial painters, and of other victims of radium poisoning, led to the establishment of health standards used to protect workers in radioactive environments and to the emergence of human radiobiology as a field of study. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. Photo(s): 3 | Data Page(s): 98 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Alfson, Mary - Weinstein, Gerald - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Boesch, Eugene J, Photo(s): 8 | Data Page(s): 16 | Photo Caption Page(s): 3, Photo(s): 89 | Data Page(s): 53 | Photo Caption Page(s): 7, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Weinstein, Gerald - Pittsburgh Clay Products - Kahn, Albert - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Flagg, Thomas R - Historic American Engineering Record - Cary, Brian, Photo(s): 20 | Data Page(s): 6 | Photo Caption Page(s): 3, Van Dolsen, Nancy - Alfson, Mary - Historic American Engineering Record - Strauss Bascule Bridge Company - Stokes, Christopher, Measured Drawing(s): 1 | Data Page(s): 38, Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Raber, Michael S. - Stewart, Robert C - Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company - Westinghouse Electric Company - Historic American Engineering Record. For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing (Some images display only as thumbnails outside This led to the so-called practice of "tipping" or pointing the brush in the lips. The old Radium Dial Company building became a meatpacking plant and then a farmer's co-op. April 3, 1872, Orange was officially incorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey State Legislature. ", "At this time, investigations to identify additional contaminated properties are complete, and the cleanup of contaminated properties is essentially complete," according to the March 2013 document. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on . Recognizing a good opportunity, a gemologist at Tiffany & Company, by the name of George Kunz, did patent it. & Raber, M. S., Weinstein, G., photographer. In 1982, citizens voted overwhelmingly to change the designation of Orange from a city to a township, thereby making it eligible for National Revenue Sharing funds. On March 13, 1860, Dr. William Pierson was elected as the first Mayor of the Town of Orange. Almost immediately, the new town began fragmenting into smaller independent communities primarily because of local disputes about the costs of establishing the new departments. Us Radium Corp. On January 26, 1860, Orange was then incorporated as the Town of Orange. It stayed in the bottle. But in Europe, especially Switzerland, things were different. The low energy beta particles cannot penetrate the case. Is the item digitized? Your public services and neighborly spirit are an example to the Nation" (Clark, Eleanor Sterling. nature poetry by t'ao ch'ien; alternative exams portal warwick; chaffey college nursing prerequisites; . The young women got horribly and gruesomely sick. The company did not stop the hand painting of dials until 1947. Presidents, presidential candidates, and governors have attended prior anniversary celebrations. While most of the ingested radium would pass through the body, some fraction of it would be absorbed and accumulate in the skeleton. The other areas separated from the Town of Orange on various dates: South Orange was organized on January 26, 1861; Fairmount (later to become part of West Orange) on March 11, 1862; East Orange on March 4, 1863; and West Orange (including Fairmount) on March 14, 1863. I suspect that the type and concentration of the activator sites would also play a role. For information about reproducing, publishing, and citing material from this collection, as well as access to the original items, see: Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. In 1664, James conveyed the land to two proprietors, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. Trolley cars appeared much later, with the Orange and Newark Horse Car Railroad Company running its first car up Main Street in May 1862. They arrived on territory now encompassing Newark, the four Oranges, and other nearby municipalities. According to NCRP Report No. endobj i@{K="{Z9~b[lVk2S\OK*wok5.%.Y)=`S\r For a watch or clock containing Pm-147, the activity is approximately 0.05 mCi (50 uCi). [3] The ore was obtained from "Undark mines" in Paradox Valley, Colorado and in Utah. [10] Tritium-illuminated signs were marketed under the name Isolite, which also became the name of new subsidiary to market and distribute Safety Light Corporation's products. Electrons in the valance band are fixed in place, but they become mobile in the conduction band. According to NUREG-1717, a person continuously wearing a watch containing the maximum allowable level of Pm-147 would receive less than 400 mrem to a small area of skin on the wrist and less than 1 mrem to the gonads. After the war came another period of retrenchment. During the 1920s, the radium paint was applied to clock and watch components in a variety of ways: painting it on with a brush, painting it with a pen or stylus, applying it with a mechanical press, and dusting. The first electric trolley in the State of New Jersey operated over a section of this line. In November 1928, Dr. von Sochocky, the inventor of the radium-based paint, died of aplastic anemia resulting from his exposure to the radioactive material, "a victim of his own invention. ORAU manages the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Measured leakage rates from watches employing tritium containing paint were up to 83 nCi (0.083 uCi) per day in one study, and 1 to 370 pCi per minute in another (0.0014 to 0.5 uCi per day). https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/114_habs.html, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey, Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscape Survey (HABS/HAER/HALS) Collection - Rights and Restrictions Information, United States Radium Corporation, 422-432 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, United States Radium Corporation, Paint Application Building, 422 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ, Ford Motor Company Edgewater Assembly Plant, Assembly Building, 309 River Road, Edgewater, Bergen County, NJ, Route 7 Bridge, Route 7 (1AG) over Passaic River, Belleville, Essex County, NJ, Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant, Waste Disposal Building, 362 Injun Hollow Road, Haddam, Middlesex County, CT. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map from Orange, Essex County, New Jersey. All tritium operations at the plant ceased by the end of 2007. 0000002538 00000 n As such, the H-3 activities in GTLS might be higher than those in paint, but the resulting doses are somewhat lower. These records document the perspective of the United States Radium Corporation (USRC) and its predecessor, the Radium Luminous Material United States Radium Corporation, Radium Crystallization Laboratory, 428 Alden Street, Orange, Essex County, NJ. 1939 - Feb 1951. The Library of Congress does notown rights to material in its collections. The dose to an individual from a Pm-147 containing timepiece is due to the emission of Bremmstrahlung and gamma rays. In addition, radium-contaminated soil and debris were identified at approximately 250 noncontiguous properties Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Site includes the 5.9 acre S.W. In one study of 18 pocket watches, the National Center for Radiological Health measured radium contents of 0.6 to 1.39 uCi. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints If you have any technical or historically-related questions about the collection, or if you are interested in making a donation, contact Dr. Paul Frame via email. available, often in the form of a digital image, a copy print, or microfilm. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. In 2005, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission declined to renew the licenses for the Bloomsburg facility,[11] and shortly thereafter the EPA added the Bloomsburg facility to the National Priorities List for remediation through Superfund. are occupied by residences, light industries, offices, grocery stores, and apartment buildings. The dead woman, and others who survived, became known as the first known victims of industrial radium poisoning. The area was situated in the northeast portion of a land grant conveyed by King Charles II of England to his brother James, Duke of York. The Orange Crosstown Line, eventually extending from Morris Street, Orange, to Bloomfield, was started in June 1888. The "M&E" later became a vital part of the Delaware, Lackawanna, & Western Railroad (DL&W) and survives today as NJ Transit's busy Morristown Line. Please do not ask about an appraisal as we do not attribute monetary values to items. The latter procedure involved dusting a freshly painted dial with radioluminescent powder so that the powder would stick to the paint. 130. It was finally demolished in 1968, when its radium-contaminated rubble was used as landfill around. The production of beer ceased with prohibition in 1920, and after the repeal of the Holstead Act in 1933, the brewery was sold to John F. Trommers of Philadelphia. Radium decays into a number of short lived decay products that can usually be expected to be present at, or close to, the same activity as the radium. ", United States Environmental Protection Agency, "U.S. Radium Corporation East Orange, NJ", "The Unsuccessful WWII Plot to Fight the Japanese With Radioactive Foxes", "Safety Light Corporation (Commonwealth of Pennsylvania)", "Proposed Isotope Processing Facility - United States Radium Corporation", "Nuclear Regulatory Commission Docket Nos. Send tips to, Report on Residual Radioactive and Beryllium Contamination at Atomic Weapons Employer Facilities and Beryllium Vendor Facilities (Aug. 2011), Environmental Protection Agency fact sheet, 2006 Environmental Protection Agency report. The incidents occurred at three different factories in United States: one in Orange, New Jersey, beginning around 1917; one in Ottawa, Illinois, beginning in the early 1920s; and a third facility in Waterbury, Connecticut, also in the 1920s. Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials. Promethium-147 (Pm-147) is a low energy beta emitter with a 2.6 year half-life. Other radionuclides have also been used, e.g., strontium-90 (Sr-90) and carbon-14 (C-14). Orange has produced such notables as baseball's Monte Irvin and Heavyweight Boxer Tony Galento. Map marker indicates approximate center of the former facility, based on site diagrams in a 2006 Environmental Protection Agency report. In a documentary Radium City (1986), the mayor at the time downplayed any danger of the radioactive sites. IN the early 1920's, young women in Essex County began showing up in the offices of doctors and dentists with such problems as aching bones, ulcers of the gum, tooth loss, anemia . [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/nj1644/. Hat-making was the essential industry, and can be traced to 1792. The U. S. Radium Corporation site is a National Priorities List site located in Orange, New Jersey. The survivors subsequent efforts to seek redress, in alliance with the Consumer's League, played a major role in the establishment of legislative protection for workers against industrial diseases. Therefore, the town became a busy thoroughfare for travelers, and hotels abounded due to the advent of stagecoach travel. New Jersey Orange Essex County, 1968. translateds by Alfson, Marymitter Documentation Compiled After. The Deterioration of the Paint's Luminosity. (v) 20 microcuries of promethium 147 per watch hand or 40 microcuries of promethium 147 per other timepiece hand. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. ,mW(|{JQ?_-b[f83EuW~-/[n m;}~VG*dG@pOKoxb-FF6pF .O#\8l;jeZpicmRWb-X (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Price lists, contact information, and order forms are available on the [3] In 1945 the Office of Strategic Services enlisted the company's help for tests of a psychological-warfare scheme to release foxes with glowing paint in Japan.[6]. Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D Little, E. H. - Colgate, Samuel - Colgate, Gilbert - Colgate, Richard - Colgate, William - Christianson, Justine - Colgate, Austen - Palmolive Company - Colgate, Sidney - Zakalak, Ulana D - Flagg, Thomas R - Colgate, Bowles - Historic American Engineering Record - Raber, Michael S - Weinstein, Gerald - Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate-Palmolive - Colgate-Palmolive-Peet Company - Colgate, Charles - Associates of the Jersey Company - Pearce, Charles - Colgate, Russell, Photo(s): 2 | Data Page(s): 7 | Photo Caption Page(s): 2, Raber, Michael S - Turner Construction Company - Hartz Mountain Industries, Incorporated - Kahn, Albert - Ford Motor Company - Flagg, Thomas R - Pittsburgh Clay Products Company - Historic American Engineering Record. The company was founded in 1914 in New York City, by Dr. Sabin Arnold von Sochocky and Dr. George S. Willis, as the Radium Luminous Material Corporation. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our See below for more details. Manufacturing operations were subsequently moved into new wholly owned subsidiary corporations: Safety Light Corporation, USR Chemical Products, USR Lighting, USR Metals, and U.S. Natural Resources. 4 skeleton maps. At that time, at least in the US, radioluminescent paint saw little application. Reference staff can At the Sesquicentennial, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was invited and wrote the following about Orange: USEFUL WEB LINKS FOR RESIDENTS AND BUSINESSES. SITE HISTORY The former U.S. Radium Corporation facility, which covers 2 acres in the City of Orange, is a former radium- processing plant where extraction, production . In August 1921, von Sochocky was forced from the presidency, and the company was renamed the United States Radium Corporation. Exposure rates to the head would be somewhat higher, possibly 5-10 times higher, because these are usually alarm clocks that would be positioned on a night stand near the head of the bed. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). x1 04f\a_&`'MF[. Building zone map. The Orange Brewery was constructed in 1901 at a reported cost of $350,000. 4 0 obj These glowing clocks were painted by young girls in a studio located in Orange, N.J., a city that was not far from my grandmother's home. NUREG-1717, June 2001. Orange, West Orange. One of the best kept trade secrets of the various manufacturers was how they minimized the inevitable decrease in the luminosity of their paint. 0000002092 00000 n The Safety Light Corporation, in turn, was sold to its management and spun off as an independent entity in 1982. 0000001338 00000 n In Bloomsburg, it continued to produce items with luminescent paint using radium, strontium-90 and cesium-137 such as watch dials, instrument gauge faces, deck markers, and paint. such as microfilm or copy prints? (iv) 100 microcuries of promethium 147 per watch or 200 microcuries of promethium 147 per any other timepiece. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. 1,971 likes. British Medical Research Council (1956) 0.2 uCi, Seelentag & Klotz, Germany (1959) 0.04 uCi 0.008 - 0.095 uCi, Seelentag & Schmier, Germany (1961) 0.014 uCi 0.002 - 0.885 uCi, Fitzsimmons (1972) 0.2 to 1.8 mrem per year with an average of 0.6 mrem per year, Moghissi and Carter (1975) 0.8 urem/27 uCi. The Library of Congress does notown rights to material in its collections. No known restrictions on images made by the U.S. Government; images copied from other sources may be restricted. error404,theme-capri,qode-core-2.1.1,select-core-2.1.1,woocommerce-no-js,ajax_fade,page_not_loaded,,capri-ver-3.3, vertical_menu_background_opacity, vertical_menu_with_scroll,smooth_scroll,fade_push_text_top,paspartu_enabled,woocommerce_installed,blog_installed,wpb-js-composer js-comp-ver-6.4.2,vc_responsive. Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as Orange continues to make history with respect to old traditions and with new firsts. In June 2003, the City was once again honored by a Presidential visit, when George W. Bush came to Orange as part of an initiative to highlight the importance of small businesses to community development. In May 2005, the City assigned its first female motorcycle police officer; and in January 2006, the City appointed the first woman judge to sit on the bench of the Orange Municipal Court. In March 2006, the first female and the first Latino police officers in the City of Orange were promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. Without a subpoena, voluntary compliance on the part of your Internet Service Provider, or additional records from a third party, information stored or retrieved for this purpose alone cannot usually be used to identify you. - [3] In Orange, where radium was extracted from 1917 to 1926, the U.S. Radium facility processed half a ton of ore per day. U.S. Radium's management and scientists took precautions such as masks, gloves, and screens, but did not similarly equip the workers. Alfson, M., trans Documentation Compiled After. what challenges do advertisers face with product placement? This led to litigation against U.S. Radium by the so-called Radium Girls, starting with former dial painter Marguerite Carlough in 1925. The sealed tubes, made of borosilicate glass, were 0.5 to 1.0 cm long, and one or two millimeters in diameter. Radium Girls was first produced at Playwrights Theater of New Jersey. %PDF-1.4 % Therefore, it does not license or charge permission fees for use of such material and cannot grant or deny permission to publish or otherwise distribute the material. The Pm-147, mixed together with ZnS in a polymer paint, is either an insoluble oxide or is incorporated into ceramic microspheres. Historic American Engineering Record, Creator, Eugene J Boesch, and Michael S Raber, Weinstein, Gerald, photographer. Let the Journal know at wastelands@wsj.com, "The former U.S. Radium Corporation facility, which covers 2 acres in the City of Orange, Essex County, New Jersey, is a former radium-processing plant where extraction, production, application, and distribution took place from about 95, radium has not been used in radioluminescent watches since 1968, or in clocks since 1978 (these dates are approximate). During the late 1800s and early 1900s, a very active labor movement was evolving which resulted in frequent labor disputes that sometimes had negative impacts on businesses. By 1921, only five hat-making firms were left, and by 1960, all had departed for places such as Norwalk and Danbury, Connecticut. As the hat-making industry declined, Orange's manufacturing economy shifted toward electrical supplies, pharmaceuticals, calculating machines, boxes, and radium watch dials. Other significant businesses emerged out of this industrial re-structuring. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on Bound. 1924. Hat making had emerged as Orange's dominant industry by the 1850s. When the activator deexcites, a photon of light is emitted. Standard Chemical Company used the name "Luna" and the Cold Light Manufacturing Company, a subsidiary of the Radium Company of Colorado, made "Marvelite." According to NCRP Report No. It was capitalized at $1,000,000, and according to the incorporation papers it had an office at in room 1230 at 346 Broadway in New York City. xref Eventually all of the trolleys, and the buses that replaced them, became part of the sprawling Public Service Coordinated Transport System.
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