Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? In Rouen, where some hundreds were killed, the Huguenot community shrank from 16,500 to fewer than 3,000 mainly as a result of conversions and emigration to safer cities or countries. These Italians stood to benefit from the occasion by eliminating the Huguenot danger. German leagues at war vs. Charles V Ostara publications. [97], On 23 August 1997, Pope John Paul II, who was in Paris for the 12th World Youth Day, issued a statement on the Massacre. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Gregory XIII (1572 to 1585) Francis Borgia (1510 -1572). He wrote a strongly anti-Catholic and anti-French play based on the events entitled The Massacre at Paris. 31. [citation needed] The Pre-Raphaelite painter John Everett Millais managed to create a sentimental moment in the massacre in his painting A Huguenot, on St. Bartholomew's Day (1852), which depicts a Catholic woman attempting to convince her Huguenot lover to wear the white scarf badge of the Catholics and protect himself. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. This play was translated into English, with some adaptations, as The Massacre by the actress and playwright Elizabeth Inchbald in 1792. She, supposed his words had different meanings that alluded to his plan to stir up new storms and. In the Jew of Malta (158990) "Machievel" in person speaks the Prologue, claiming to not be dead, but to have possessed the soul of the Duke of Guise, "And, now the Guise is dead, is come from France/ To view this land, and frolic with his friends" (Prologue, lines 34)[74] His last play, The Massacre at Paris (1593) takes the massacre, and the following years, as its subject, with Guise and Catherine both depicted as Machiavellian plotters, bent on evil from the start. . The Guises, who were highly popular, exploited this situation to put pressure on the King and the Queen Mother. Visages du massacre de la Saint-Bethlemy", 2021, La Dcouverte, ISBN 2348057883, Holt (2005 ed. Recovery of cost from Governmentwide Commercial, "in step 12 of the governmentwide commercial purchase card program process, what are three situations in which the acceptor must ensure written independent receipt and acceptance?" Though by no means unique, the bloodletting "was the worst of the century's religious massacres". He is the author of, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7, Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser. Coligny's brother-in-law led a 4,000-strong army camped just outside Paris[15] and, although there is no evidence it was planning to attack, Catholics in the city feared it might take revenge on the Guises or the city populace itself. Instead of crippling the Huguenot party as Catherine had hoped it would do, the massacre revived hatred between Roman Catholics and Huguenots and helped provoke a renewal of hostilities. 30. Several chapters depict in great detail the massacre and the events leading up to it, with the book's protagonists getting some warning in advance and making enormous but futile efforts to avert it. "[91], However Raymond Mentzer points out that Protestants "could be as bloodthirsty as Catholics. They were ordered to shut the city gates and arm the citizenry to prevent any attempt at a Protestant uprising. Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . [31] In most of them, the killings swiftly followed the arrival of the news of the Paris massacre, but in some places there was a delay of more than a month. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) Wilson. [10], The court itself was extremely divided. D. Priests in the countryside It was one event in the series of civil wars between Roman Catholics and Huguenots that beset France in the late 16th century. 31. Kill them! Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. Related Documents (Brophy reader) Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . [92], Some, like Leonie Frieda, emphasise the element within the mob violence of the "haves" being "killed by the 'have-nots'". To cement the peace between the two religious parties, Catherine planned to marry her daughter Margaret to the Protestant Henry of Navarre (the future King Henry IV), son of the Huguenot leader Queen Jeanne d'Albret. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. [1] A fellow Huguenot refugee, a banker from Lyon, commissioned the painting to commemorate the event. The Massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day was the culmination of a series of events: The Peace of Saint-Germain put an end to three years of civil war between Catholics and Protestants. Pope Gregory XIII himself refused to receive Charles de Maurevert, said to be the killer of Coligny, on the ground that he was a murderer.[53]. [88] In the previous ten years there had already been three outbreaks of civil war, and attempts by Protestant nobles to seize power in France. However, before the collapse of the Revolution he became suspected of moderation, and in some danger himself.[100]. Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose. With these words, the most popular preacher in Paris legitimised in advance the events of St. Bartholomew's Day". 33. The rituals around the royal marriage had only intensified this cleavage, contrary to its intentions, and the "sentiments of estrangement radical otherness [had come] to prevail over sentiments of affinity between Catholics and Protestants". The Venetian government refused to allow the work to be printed there, and it was eventually published in Rome in 1574, and in the same year quickly reprinted in Geneva in the original Italian and a French translation.[70]. WorldCat is the worlds largest library catalog, helping you find library materials online. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. ("Emond" or "Edmond"). Belonging to different religious traditions must not constitute today a source of opposition and tension. Many Protestants were nobles or bourgeois and Frieda adds that "a number of bourgeois Catholic Parisians had suffered the same fate as the Protestants; many financial debts were wiped clean with the death of creditors and moneylenders that night". 32. King from 1556 to 1598. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. Under the terms of the peace, and after considerable popular resistance, this had been removed in December 1571 (and re-erected in a cemetery), which had already led to about 50 deaths in riots, as well as mob destruction of property. She accordingly gave her approval to a plot that the Roman Catholic house of Guise had been hatching to assassinate Coligny, whom it held responsible for the murder of Franois de Guise in 1563. [33] Apparently genuine letters from the Duke of Anjou, the king's younger brother, did urge massacres in the king's name; in Nantes the mayor fortunately held on to his without publicising it until a week later when contrary orders from the king had arrived. 31. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Holt speculated this entailed "between two and three dozen noblemen" who were still in Paris. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The journal begins with, Colignys saying that became the chief reason why Queen Mother Catherine de Medici, rushed to prepare a massacre plan for him and thousands of other French Protestants. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. It took all the queen mother's skill to convince the Cardinal de Bourbon (paternal uncle of the Protestant groom, but himself a Catholic clergyman) to marry the couple. 9394, and Benedict (2004), p. 127, Knecht (2001), p. 368, though see Holt (2005), pp. 33. Both the Pope and King Philip II of Spain strongly condemned Catherine's Huguenot policy as well. AUGUST 24, 1572-ST. BARTHOLOMEW'S DAY by the Catholic calendar-is an . Learn how to enable JavaScript on your browser, Perspectives from the Past: Primary Sources in Western Civilizations / Edition 7 available in -The Huguenot faction was fatally wounded. Report to the Venetian senate on the wounding of the admiral / Giovanni Michiel (1572) -- 17. 34. That was interpreted by the Parisians as a sign of divine blessing and approval to these multiple murders,[22] and on the same day at night, a group led by Guise in person dragged Admiral Coligny from his bed, killed him, and threw his body out of a window. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. After the wedding of Catholic Marguerite de Valois and Huguenot Henry de Navarre on August 18 of 1572,[17] Coligny and the leading Huguenots remained in Paris to discuss some outstanding grievances about the Peace of St. Germain with the king. "The massacre was interpreted as an act of divine retribution; Coligny was considered a threat to Christendom and thus Pope Gregory XIII designated 11 September 1572 as a joint commemoration of the Battle of Lepanto and the massacre of the Huguenots. 2023 OCLC Domestic and international trademarks and/or service marks of OCLC, Inc. and its affiliates. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. The Saint Bartholomew's Day massacre : a brief history with documents, A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. The massacre marked a turning point in the French Wars of Religion. In the third episode of the BBC miniseries Elizabeth R (1971), starring Glenda Jackson as Queen Elizabeth I of England, the English court's reaction to the massacre and its effect on England's relations with France is addressed in depth. Many victims were also thrown into the Seine, invoking the purification by water of Catholic baptism". This change was soon picked up by Huguenot writers, who began to expand on Calvin and promote the idea of the sovereignty of the people, ideas to which Catholic writers and preachers responded fiercely. The impending marriage led to the gathering of a large number of well-born Protestants in Paris but Paris was a violently anti-Huguenot city, and Parisians, who tended to be extreme Catholics, found their presence unacceptable. 1. 81, Hippocrates From On Airs, Waters, and Places 93, Herodotus From The Histories: The Second Persian Invasion of Greece 100, Thucydides From The Peloponnesian Wars 106, Vase Depicting a Slave, Perhaps in a Scene from a Greek Play (c. 450 B.C.E.) "[28] A jubilee celebration, including a procession, was then held, while the killings continued in parts of the city. Giovanni Michiel, from A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre From The Religious Peace of Augsburg Reform in the Catholic World History 104 / January 16, 2013 I. Henry VIII and the Act of Supremacy (1529-34) ), p. 95, citing Benedict (2004), pp. Over the centuries, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre has aroused a great deal of controversy. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". [94], The historian H.G. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre ( French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. [27] According to some interpretations, the survival of these Huguenots was a key point in Catherine's overall scheme, to prevent the House of Guise from becoming too powerful. Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir . Don't leave a single one alive to reproach me! Javascript is not enabled in your browser. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) C. Renewed power for the Roman Inquisition However, in a more recent work than his history of the period, Holt concludes: "The ringleaders of the conspiracy appear to have been a group of four men: Henry, duke of Anjou; Chancellor Birague; the duke of Nevers, and the comte de Retz" (Gondi). In his Histoire vritable de la ville de Lyon, the memorialist and former consul (town councillor) Claude de Rubys devoted just a few lines to the events of late August 1572, when the Saint Bartholomew's Day massacres had reached Lyon. It all started when Margret of Valois (the kings sister) and Henry of Navarre (a protestant) decided to get married. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. The terrified Huguenot nobles in the building initially put up a fight, hoping to save the life of their leader,[23] but Coligny himself seemed unperturbed. Modern historians are still divided over the responsibility of the royal family: The traditional interpretation makes Catherine de' Medici and her Catholic advisers the principal culprits in the execution of the principal military leaders. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier. Lord Acton changed his mind on whether the massacre had been premeditated twice, finally concluding that it was not. [14], Tensions were further raised when in May 1572 the news reached Paris that a French Huguenot army under Louis of Nassau had crossed from France to the Netherlandish province of Hainaut and captured the Catholic strongholds of Mons and Valenciennes (now in Belgium and France, respectively). The Catholic Reformation A. Ignatius of Loyola & the Society of Jesus B. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Soon afterward both sides prepared for a fourth civil war, which began before the end of the year. A particular point of tension was an open-air cross erected on the site of the house of Philippe de Gastines, a Huguenot who had been executed in 1569. Catherine de' Medici, also called Catherine de Mdicis, Italian Caterina de' Medici, (born April 13, 1519, Florence [Italy]died January 5, 1589, Blois, France), queen consort of Henry II of France (reigned 1547-59) and subsequently regent of France (1560-74), who was one of the most influential personalities of the Catholic-Huguenot wars. Tools for reinforcing Lutheran doctrine The Catholic Reformation Take notes, add highlights, and download our mobile-friendly e-books. Enabling JavaScript in your browser will allow you to experience all the features of our site. Earlier Huguenot rage at Nimes (in 1567) led to the massacre of twenty-four Catholics, mostly priests and prominent laymen, at the hands of their Protestant neighbours. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. Drypoint Screenprinting Intaglio Lithography Question 2 Which of the following fabrics is NOT a good option, Which three of the following statements about convenience checks are true? Whitehead, Barbara (1994), "Revising the Revisionists," in: The subject of Butterfield's chapter, referenced below. 1) Purchase valued. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. [5] The royal marriage was arranged for 18 August 1572. By focusing on describing the political and religious context for the massacre at the beginning, the author demonstrates the severity of the event. from Vassar College and did his graduate training at the Universitt Tubingen and Indiana University, where he specialized in the social and political history of nineteenth-century Europe. Sample this version now as opposed to waiting for the physical edition. Many of the wealthiest and most prominent Huguenots had gathered in largely Catholic Paris to attend the wedding. cuius regio, eius religio St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. Modern estimates for the number of dead across France vary widely, from 5,000 to 30,000. Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Les Huguenots (1836), very loosely based on the events of the massacre, was one of the most popular and spectacular examples of French grand opera. The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day had for its background the political and religious rivalries of the court of France. [32] It seems unlikely any such orders came from the king, although the Guise faction may have desired the massacres. ", This page was last edited on 23 April 2023, at 14:41. [85] Diefendorf says that when the head of the murdered Coligny was shown to the Paris mob by a member of the nobility, with the claim that it was the King's will, the die was cast. King Charles IX of France was Catherine's second son to sit on the . Leonard Sachs appeared as Admiral Coligny and Joan Young played Catherine de' Medici. It was remade in 1994 as La Reine Margot (later as Queen Margot, and subtitled, in English-language markets), starring Isabelle Adjani. 34. On hearing of the slaughter, Philip II of Spain supposedly "laughed, for almost the only time on record". Copyright 2001-2023 OCLC. 72- . [86] This view is also partly supported by Cunningham and Grell (2000) who explained that "militant sermons by priests such as Simon Vigor served to raise the religious and eschatological temperature on the eve of the Massacre". [82][pageneeded]. Protestant Resistance Theory: The Wake-Up Call for the French and their Neighbors, 1574 . The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. The news of the massacre was welcomed by Philip II of Spain, and Pope Gregory XIII had a medal struck to celebrate the event. The story was fictionalised by Prosper Mrime in his Chronique du rgne de Charles IX (1829), and by Alexandre Dumas, pre in La Reine Margot, an 1845 novel that fills in the history as it was then seen with romance and adventure. 32. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. The massacre killed more than 10,000 people over a period of two months in the fall of 1572. Lincoln, chapter 6, pp. The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion. The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. After St. Bartholomew's the Huguenots, though bereft of their leaders, rushed to arms. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. The featured documents offer a rich array of sources on the conflict -- including royal edicts, popular songs, polemics, eyewitness accounts, memoirs, paintings, and engravings -- to enable students to explore the massacre, the nature of church-state relations, the moral responsibility of secular and religious authorities, and the origins and consequences of religious persecution and intolerance in this period. Initially the coup d'tat of the duke of Anjou was a success, but Catherine de' Medici went out of her way to deprive him from any power in France: she sent him with the royal army to remain in front of La Rochelle and then had him elected King of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of France's civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Following the failed assassination attack against the Admiral de Coligny (which Wanegffelen attributes to the Guise family and Spain), the Italian advisers of Catherine de' Medici undoubtedly recommended in the royal council the execution of about fifty Protestant leaders. Few towns escaped the episodic violence and some suffered repeatedly from both sides. On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. [8] The rise in food prices and the luxury displayed on the occasion of the royal wedding increased tensions among the common people. Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience [they] had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war"[29], In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. Power Point [59], The massacre "spawned a pullulating mass of polemical literature, bubbling with theories, prejudices and phobias". Admiral de Coligny was the most respected Huguenot leader and enjoyed a close relationship with the king, although he was distrusted by the king's mother. The failed assassination of Admiral de Coligny on 22 August 1572. [citation needed] Elizabeth I of England's ambassador to France at that time, Sir Francis Walsingham, barely escaped with his life. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. Cavalli, the Venetian Ambassador, maintained in his report that the king held out for an hour and a half, finally yielding because of Catherine's threat to leave France and the fear that his brother, the Duke of Anjou, might be named captain-general of the Catholics. Gaspard de Coligny a Huguenot leader, was the trigger that made the events of St. Bartholomews Day Massacre in 1572. 31. [24][pageneeded] The tension that had been building since the Peace of St. Germain now exploded in a wave of popular violence. The mob had torn down his house and erected a large wooden cross on a stone base. [93] At least one Huguenot was able to buy off his would-be murderers. 54, Herodotus From The Histories: Manners and Customs of the Scythians 55, From The Babylonian Account of the Great Flood 58, Chapter 3 The Civilization of Greece, 1000-400 B.C.E. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. 30. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Prior to certifying the Managing Accounting Billing Statement for contract payments by Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card, the Approving/ Billing Official must do what two things? [95] He concludes that the historical importance of the Massacre "lies not so much in the appalling tragedies involved as their demonstration of the power of sectarian passion to break down the barriers of civilisation, community and accepted morality". The second round, England : Anglicans vs. Catholics Impact California Social Studies World History, Culture, and Geography The Modern World 5, From Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Urim 6, Letters of Royal Women of the Old Babylonian Period 27, Chapter 2 Peoples, Cods, and Empires, 1700-500 B.C.E. The Venetian Senate, Letter to the Venetian Ambassadors in France, 1572 . Review and, 1.Which printmaking process is the most direct for translating the gestures of the hand? Omissions? He received his B.A. 41, Treaty between Ramesses II of Egypt and Hattusilis III of Hatti 47, The Victory Stele of Merneptah (c. 1210 B.C.E.) That novel has been translated into English and was made first into a commercially successful French film in 1954, La reine Margot (US title "A Woman of Evil"), starring Jeanne Moreau. 34. But kill them all! Were sorry, but WorldCat does not work without JavaScript enabled. 1) Funds must be available to cover the check value and the bank's processing fee 2) The Cardholder can dispute a. 3. People I am convinced that only forgiveness, offered and received, leads little by little to a fruitful dialogue, which will in turn ensure a fully Christian reconciliation.
Serbian National Water Polo Team Roster,
Mikasa Broken Ribs Fanfic,
Mobile Homes For Rent In Marion, Il,
Work From Home Night Shift Jobs Near Me,
Articles A