MAV is supported by grants from the West Virginia IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence (P20RR016477 and P20GM103434). Transdermal iontophoresis refers to the transport of charged ions in a medium across the skin with the help of an applied electric field. These products can alleviate these conditions. Capsaicin also Rollyson W, Stover C, Brown KC, Perry H, Stevenson C, Crabtree C, Dom AM, Lau JK, Witte T, Hardman WE, Dasgupta P. The anti-cancer dietary compound capsaicin shows higher bioavailability in the lung than other organs. However, some of the biological activities of capsaicin, like its anti-neoplastic, cardioprotective effects, have been found to be independent of the TRPV1 receptor. The favorable drug delivery and safety profile of CCMS enteric coated tablets could have potential applications in the systemic administration of capsaicin in patients. A major challenge in the clinical application of capsaicin is its short half-life and low bioavailability. Babbar S, Chanda S, Bley K. Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro by capsaicin. If you are an average adult, you can apply the 0.075 percent cream up to four times a day. But how long does capsaicin stay on the skin? This particular substance is the primary chemical mediator of pain stimuli that originates from the outer nervous system to the central nervous system. If we combine this information with your protected You may have some skin redness, burning, or a stinging sensation at the application site. Through the process called cutaneous vasodilation, this substance has the ability to inhibit the widening of the blood vessels of the skin. Previous studies have shown that capsaicin penetrates the skin via a lipoidal pathway. However, this is dependent on the amount of touch and penetration that occurred. Therefore, the lipophilic capsaicin would preferentially partition into the non-polar stratum corneum. The below video provides more insight into how long capsaicin stays on skin and its benefits: Capsaicin is available in patches, gels, and creams. At the highest dose (50 mg/ml), the metabolism of capsaicin was found to be maximal in the liver, followed by blood and least in the lung [48]. The amount of unchanged capsaicin in the brain and spinal cord was five-fold higher than that of the trunk blood upon intravenous administration [4, 23, 45]. This is in agreement with the observation that the rate of permeation of capsaicin across the skin depends on the nature of the hydrogel; non-ionic hydrogels showed slower rate of capsaicin transport than cationic or anionic hydrogels [31]. You should apply capsaicin cream regularly, four times a day, with a gap of at least 4 hours between each application. XV. Several convergent studies indicate that low-doses of capsaicin display a cancer-chemopreventive, anti-neoplastic activity [7] [8]. Other capsaicinoids besides capsaicin also produce the heat-sensation via the TRPV1 receptor. If you love consuming chili, then chances are you have experienced that burning sensation of pepper around your mouth, skin, or taste buds. The half-life of capsaicin in the blood was found to be about 25 minutes. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. The hepatic metabolism of dihydrocapsaicin was studied in vitro by using extracts of Wistar rat livers [29, 30]. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of topically applied capsaicin and nonivamide from hydrogels. It can also cause vomiting, nausea, burning diarrhea, and abdominal pain if ingested in large amounts by children or adults. You may have some skin redness, burning, or a stinging sensation at the application site. If you are a Mayo Clinic patient, this could It was observed that capsaicin formulated with 2% HP-beta-CD displayed increased percutaneous absorption and penetration flux through isolated rat skin [49]. Your skin may be more sensitive to heat and sunlight. Wash your hands with soap and water immediately after applying capsaicin topical or handling a topical skin patch. A doctor or other trained healthcare professional will apply the topical Qutenza patch to the affected area of your body in a medical facility. However, the levels of capsaicin in the brain, spinal cord, liver and blood are greatly decreased 10 minutes after administration. Reactive intermediates produced from the metabolism of the vanilloid ring of capsaicinoids by p450 enzymes. However, after 24 hours this percentage dropped down from 24.4% to 1.24% and after 48 hours it further decreased to 0.057%. The authors repeated these studies with dihydrocapsaicin and obtained similar results [30]. Check with your doctor right away if you have coughing or any breathing problems after the medicine has dried on the skin. The nerves in the skin respond to capsaicin oil as they do to different kinds of stimulation such as pain, cold, and heat. Donnerer et al., (1990) compared the tissue-specific distribution of capsaicin after intravenous and subcutaneous injection of capsaicin [45]. Drug information provided by: Merative, Micromedex. In addition, this formulation was well tolerated and caused no gastric irritation in rats [61]. There is a problem with If your dose is different, do not change it unless your doctor tells you to do so. The analysis of urine specimens revealed that dihydrocapsaicin was metabolized to vanillyl alcohol (37.6%), vanillic acid (19.2%) or vanillylamine (4.7%) as free forms or as their glucuronides. The Malin + Golez Vitamin E Face Moisturizer will gently and effectively hydrate and balance your skin to stop the redness and inflammation after you have applied capsaicin. Just be careful in using it, and you don't need to worry about anything. The process by which it will start to relieve your pain will only take about 2 hours. The dose of this medicine will be different for different patients. Another product that you can use to alleviate inflammation and redness of the skin is Sunday Riley Good Genes All-in-One Lactic Acid Treatment. 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA. However, this result was not observed in permeability experiments using pig ear skin. The distribution of capsaicin was studied in the liver, kidney, intestine, serum and blood by HPLC analysis. The site is secure. No dicapsaicin metabolites were detected by Chanda et al., (2008). Experiments conducted in mice reveal that capsaicin increases nitric oxide in the blood vessel, thereby delaying the occurrence of stroke. Enhanced oral bioavailability of capsaicin in mixed polymeric micelles: Preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaulation. If you use the lotion, gel, cream, gel, or ointment, you may experience skin redness, burning, or stinging after application. Dont go swimming or engage in strenuous exercise either. As the CE-loaded PVA-nanofibers encounter the aqueous microenvironment of the skin, the PVA fibers start releasing capsaicin at a rapid pace. They contain casein, a fat-binding protein that effectively dissolves capsaicin oil. You should also avoid exposure to sunlight because your skin will be more sensitive to heat. Thats why when you apply it to the skin, the pain will first worsen and then decrease considerably later. But if these side effects persist, contact your medical provider at once. It would be interesting to see if these capsaicin-loaded prodrug-liposomes display potent anti-tumor activity in colon tumor xenografts in nude mouse models [63]. In addition, the use of the erbium:YAG laser treatment method enabled the authors to precisely and reversibly control the removal of the stratum corneum. information is beneficial, we may combine your email and website usage information with The elimination half-life of capsaicin in the plasma was found to be 1.34 hours [51, 52]. unusual weight gain or loss. This product contains high-potency, purified grade lactic acid, which helps in the restoration of healthy and smoother skin. If you use the cream, gel, lotion, or ointment: There is a problem with Such slower metabolism of capsaicinoids in the lung suggests a tissue-specific nature of metabolic pathways. Opanasopit P, Sila-On W, Rojanarata T, Ngawhirunpat T. Fabrication and properties of capsicum extract-loaded PVA and CA nanofiber patches. The pharmacological activity of capsaicin-like compounds is dependent on several factors like the dose, the route of administration and most importantly on its concentration at target tissues. Make your tax-deductible gift and be a part of the cutting-edge research and care that's changing medicine. If you miss a dose of this medicine, apply it as soon as possible. Studies by Reilly et al., (2003) showed that the metabolism of capsaicin in lung microsomes was 2040 fold slower than the liver microsomes in both rat and humans [24]. For example, most of the sustained-release topical formulations display better skin permeability than capsaicin-creams. 9 Can chilli burn your skin? The burning sensation can be intensified by heat, showering in warm water, or excessive sweating. Desai et al., (2013) found that capsaicin-nanoparticles showed synergism with TNF--siRNA to decrease skin inflammation in mouse models [72]. baking soda. health information, we will treat all of that information as protected health It would have been interesting to compare the sensory profile of capsaicin-FMV-gel to capsaicin-liposomes. Pershing et al., (2004) evaluated the metabolism of capsaicin in the human stratum corneum following a single topical exposure of a 3% solution containing 55% capsaicin [34]. Wash these areas with warm (not hot) soapy water. This can be explained by the fact that the microemulsions were considerably more viscous than the niosomes. The intestinal absorption of capsaicin in vitro was done using everted intestinal sacs isolated from rats [32]. This void in knowledge was filled by Saria et al., (1982) who observed that intravenous injection of capsaicin in rats led to rapid metabolism of capsaicin within 3 minutes in the liver and the blood [23]. They prepared mixed surfactant-based microemulsions comprising of Tween-80 and Span 20. The relatively more flexible structure of NLCs makes them superior drug delivery agents to the SLNs. The levels of capsaicin in all of these above-mentioned tissues steadily increased from ten minutes and attained maximum values at about 5 hours. Capsaicin is the substance responsible for taste. Twelve healthy volunteers were administered 5 g of C. frutescens extract. This content does not have an English version. Contri RV, Katzer T, Ourique AF, da Silva AL, Beck RC, Pohlmann AR, Guterres SS. The maximal amount of capsaicin was detected in the thigh venous blood 16 minutes after the IP injection and the amount steadily decreasing until about 40 minutes post injection. Similarly, dont use it on broken skin. Lu HF, Chen YL, Yang JS, Yang YY, Liu JY, Hsu SC, Lai KC, Chung JG. include protected health information. Transdermal iontophoresis has been investigated in conjunction with other physical enhancement techniques such as low frequency ultrasound and erbium:YAG (yttrium-aluminum-garnet) laser to increase the transdermal delivery of nonivamide [50]. Tan S, Gao B, Tao Y, Guo J, Su ZQ. Apply a small amount of medicine and use your fingers to rub it in well so very little or no medicine is left on the skin. This implies that capsaicin-based drugs may prove to be more efficacious in lung or skin ailments. Follow your doctor's orders or the directions on the label. A schematic diagram showing the metabolites of capsaicin in rodent and human liver. It is not common for topical medications to interfere with other medications that are injected or taken orally. You can treat a burn caused by a jalapeno pepper or a burnt chili pepper. The most abundant hepatic metabolite was 16-hydroxycapsaicin, followed by 16,17-dehydrocapsaicin. Sarwa KK, Das PJ, Mazumder B. If you have questions about this, talk to your doctor. If this irritation is severe or does not go away, call your doctor. We thank Dr. Srikumar Chellappan and his laboratory for their help and support. The degree of crystallinity of PLLA is greater than PLGA or PCL. The most popular Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, Mayo Clinic on Incontinence - Mayo Clinic Press, NEW Mayo Clinic on High Blood Pressure - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic on Hearing and Balance - Mayo Clinic Press, FREE Mayo Clinic Diet Assessment - Mayo Clinic Press, Mayo Clinic Health Letter - FREE book - Mayo Clinic Press, Financial Assistance Documents Minnesota. Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Mozsik G, Past T, Abdel Salam OM, Kuzma M, Perjesi P. Interdisciplinary review for correlation between the plant origin capsaicinoids, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs, gastrointestinal mucosal damage and prevention in animals and human beings. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Olive-Toned Skin: What Goes Well with Olive Skin Tone? The capsaicin gets trapped in the crystalline matrix of PLLA and defuses out at a steady sustained rate, with progressive degradation of the matrix. Nanovesicle formulations (transferosomes and ethosomes) of Bhut Jolokia chili peppers displayed better tolerability and compliance in patients than Thermagel (a commercial formulation of capsaicin). Do not put the medicine on wounds or irritated skin. Therefore, the authors decided to encapsulate capsaicin (which has anti-cancer activity) in these liposomes. Several laboratories investigated the hepatic metabolism of capsaicinoids in vitro using hepatic microsomes and S9 fractions [24]. Wang YY, Hong CT, Chiu WT, Fang JY. Pershing LK, Reilly CA, Corlett JL, Crouch DJ. Linderroth et al., (2009) have designed a unique drug-targeting system which combines liposomes and the prodrug strategy. For topical dosage form (cream, gel, lotion, or ointment): For arthritis, muscle pain, or neuralgia: AdultsApply 3 or 4 times a day and rub it in well. Monsereenusorn Y. The chitosan and CMC-sodium hydrogels are more hydrophilic than creams (which are oil in water formulations). Another caveat of capsaicin (as a drug) is that it produces a burning sensation, and the resulting discomfort limits patient compliance. Lunter DJ, Daniels R. New film forming emulsions containing Eudragit(R) NE and/or RS 30D for sustained dermal delivery of nonivamide. The amount of capsaicin released from niosomes was greater than microemulsions. showed some promise in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. So, use daily products to counter mouth burn. Fang JY, Hwang TL, Huang YB, Tsai YH. Capsaicin causes cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in ER-positive and -negative breast cancer cells by modulating the EGFR/HER-2 pathway. There are four types of capsaicin patches that you can use. It is not surprising that the majority of drug delivery studies have aimed to improve the transdermal delivery of capsaicin. However, it must be noted that the cytotoxic effects of capsaicin are mediated in part by TRPV receptors on target cells. Capsaicin is now being used in topical form for pain relief due to neuralgia. Kulkantrakorn K, Lorsuwansiri C, Meesawatsom P. 0.025% capsaicin gel for the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled trial. Capsaicin comes in two forms creams and patches. Click here for an email preview. If a bandage is being used on the treated area, do not wrap it tightly. All rights reserved. How long does capsaicin stay in your system? Govindarajan VS, Sathyanarayana MN. Repeat the process if necessary. Other effects of intradermal capsaicin injection include secondary tactile allodynia, increase in blood flow, increase of temperature and vasodialation. Exposure to high doses of capsaicin (above 100 mg capsaicin per kg body weight) for a prolonged time causes peptic ulcers, accelerates the development of prostate, stomach, duodenal, and liver cancers and enhances breast cancer metastasis [5, 6]. The lung contained a higher level of unchanged capsaicin from 1 hour up to 8 hours post administration. If the irritation is severe and persists for longer . Chanda et al., (2008) reported that the major metabolites detected in the S9 fractions from the rats were vanillylamine, 16-hydroxycapsaicin and 16,17-dehydrocapsaicin [25]. They also displayed improved analgesic activity in the radiant tail flick mouse model. The capsaicin-NLC was formulated into a gel using stearic acid. Other sustained release formulations of capsaicin include encasement in flexible membrane vesicles (FMVs) made of phospholipids and surfactants. The authors studied the release rate of capsaicin from these cubic gels in vitro using HPLC analysis [56]. You will not be harmed, but it may reduce the effectiveness of the medication, and it may also reduce the amount of substance P, which helps in relieving your pain. Use capsaicin strictly as prescribed by your medical provider or according to the direction on the label. Milk contains a protein called casein, which can break down capsaicin much in the same way that dish soap can cut through grease. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. Jung SH, Kim HJ, Oh GS, Shen A, Lee S, Choe SK, Park R, So HS. If the medicine does get in your eyes, wash the eyes with water and check with your doctor right away. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis. Similarly, the concentration of capsaicin used by Reilly et al., (2013) in the dicapsaicin experiments was 500 M [26]. Another issue was the proper placement of both the placebo patch and the capsaicin patch. Experts consider products with 0. . Use the medicine regularly every day as directed. This moisturizers formula is a synthesis of natural antioxidants, vitamins E, B5, and soothing chamomile. The pharmacokinetic parameters were measured in the blood after the administration of capsaicinoids in the form of a gel capsule. You are advised to read the label before buying capsaicin from the drug store or ask a doctor. If capsaicin gets on your face, scalp, or in your mouth, it may cause a burning sensation. To relieve pain, capsaicin works by stimulating and reducing pain transmitters in the body. We provide a description of advanced drug delivery strategies involving capsaicin below. The best approach for ideal results is to continue applying the substance as instructed by a health professional. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. other information we have about you. Reilly et al., (2002) used anesthetized Wistar rats to recapitulate exposures to pepper sprays in animals [48]. How Long Does Capsaicin Stay On Skin? Pharmaceutical development and technology. To provide you with the most relevant and helpful information, and understand which Chen et al., (2010) prepared capsaicin-chitosan microsphere (CCMS) tablets for sustained delivery of capsaicin to the intestine [58]. 1) [2]. Do not apply this medication to skin that is . However, unlike other stimuli, the chemical reaction to capsaicin can send confusing signals to the brain. Taken together, the maximal concentration of capsaicinoids in the skin was dependent on the relative solubility of these compounds in the vehicle. Therefore the partitioning of the capsaicin from the hydrogel to the stratum corneum depends on the polarity of the hydrogel. The patch is then left on the affected part for a few minutes and then removed, but the chemical continues to alleviate pain after it is removed. The authors hypothesized that such decrease of unchanged capsaicin may be due to formation of conjugates or its redistribution into the adipose tissue [23]. Your doctor will check you closely for any problems or unwanted effects (eg, loss of sensory function) that may be caused by this medicine. Therefore, the relative expression of TRPV receptors on lung tissue (versus liver tissue) would be an important determinant in the cytotoxic activity of capsaicin in human lung and liver cells. Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders. Your doctor will apply a cleansing gel for at least 1 minute after removing the patch. scarring of the skin. The Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology. neuropathy experienced pain relief when capsaicin was administered. lemon juice. The authors used the Colo 205 supernatant and showed that all the capsaicin within the liposome was released within 24 hours. privacy practices. Metabolism of capsaicin by cytochrome P450 produces novel dehydrogenated metabolites and decreases cytotoxicity to lung and liver cells. Wang et al., (2001) have evaluated the skin absorption of capsaicin formulated as chitosan and carboxymethyl-chitosan (CMC)-sodium hydrogels. All the studies report that the 8595% of the administered capsaicin is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal lumen [30]. And one of the best ways to counter that is by using capsaicin creams or capsaicin patches. the unsubscribe link in the e-mail. If you need to go out, use sunscreen. Overall, the side- effect prolife of nano-formulations of capsaicin were much milder than free capsaicin [64, 65, 67, 69]. Solid-lipidic nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) have been explored for the transdermal delivery of capsaicin [65]. Experiments have also shown that it can kill Capsaicin is lipophilic, meaning it dissolves in fats and oils. It is a valuable pharmacological agent with several therapeutic applications in controlling pain and inflammation. government site. They were housed in autoclaved cages with ad libitum access to food and water in HEPA-filtered racks and closely monitored by animal facility staff. The alkaline oil compound is found in the pithy membrane surrounding the seeds. Take 1-2 teaspoons of dish soap in your palms, apply it directly to the painful skin area and rub it vigorously. which will not have the unpleasant side effects of capsaicin and will possess greater pharmacological activity than capsaicin. How Long Does It Last? The heat-sensation and erythema produced by the NGX-4010 patch were described by the patients as mild to moderate. Then in 1961, Japanese chemists were able to isolate substances that are similar to capsaicin from chili peppers. The authors observed that the loading efficiency and release profile of capsaicin was sensitive to slight changes in the oil water ratio used during the loading of the PLGA-nanoparticles [64]. Capsaicin is metabolized in human skin by about 20 hours, and the predominant metabolites include vanillylamine and vanillic acid (Fig. The burning sensation will not improve or go away if you reduce the number of doses you use each day. Reinbach HC, Smeets A, Martinussen T, Moller P, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. The thermosensitive hydrogel polyethylene glycol-polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PEG-PLGA) was used a vehicle for capsaicin in rat models of bladder irritation [55]. HPbetaCD formed a hydrophilic inclusion complex with capsaicin. No capsaicin was detected four days after oral gavage. The capsaicin-hydrogel was well tolerated and safe. This may be explained by the fact that Reilly and his co-workers used a much longer incubation period of 60 minutes and a 100 times higher concentration of 100 M capsaicin compared to Chanda et al., (2008) [24]. cold milk and vaseline (soak hands in cold milk then rub vaseline on at the end) olive oil or vegetable oil. The Paulas Choice Replenishing Moisture Cream is another product that you can use to treat redness and inflammation of the skin: This cream can restore and renew the suppleness of your skin and moisturize it as well. In vitro intestinal absorption of capsaicin. Review/update the Contri et al., (2011) encapsulated capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in polymeric nanocapsules. Zhu et al., have attempted to encapsulate capsaicin in mixed polymeric micelles consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidome (PVP)/sodium cholate/phospholipid mixed system. (A) A flow-chart representing the experiment involving the bioavailability of capsaicin in nude mouse (B). Bernal MA, Barcelo AR. Bley K, Boorman G, Mohammad B, McKenzie D, Babbar S. A comprehensive review of the carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic potential of capsaicin. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. With time and regular applications, the nerve endings will become more desensitised and the pain killing effect will increase. the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health. The biological effects of capsaicinoids are dependent on the dose of these compounds administered and the time of exposure [5]. However, it may also last from 2 to 4 weeks. Fortschritte der Arzneimittelforschung. Similar to the results of Kawada et al., (1984), Donnerer et al., (1990) observed that capsaicin was readily absorbed across the gastrointestinal tract and detected in portal blood. But how long does capsaicin stay on the skin? Store the medicine in a closed container at room temperature, away from heat, moisture, and direct light. If you are using cream or lotion, apply a thin layer of the substance to your skin. Another approach used by researchers has been to encapsulate capsaicin in nanoparticles followed by incorporation of chitosan hydrogel to improve its permeability across the skin [69]. Data by Tavano et al., (2011) reveal that transdermal delivery of capsaicin was greater with capsaicin-niosomes than with capsaicin-microemulsion formulation. A schematic diagram showing the metabolites of capsaicin in human skin. The schema of the study is shown in Fig. The vanillylamine was subsequently transformed to vanillin. It is the substance that makes chili peppers hot. Muscle skeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The anti-platelet and anti-coagulant activity of capsaicin was independent of TRPV1 [21]. The nutritional compound capsaicin is widely used as a topical analgesic [4]. Portions of this document last updated: April 01, 2023. Whereas most of the long-acting capsaicin formulations have been primarily designed for transdermal delivery, it is probable that they could be adapted for other forms of administration [59, 61]. The rats were placed in nose-only exposure apparatus and exposed to aerosols generated from solutions of capsaicinoids for 15 minutes. Even if capsaicin stays on your skin after 2 to four weeks of application, you don't have to be bothered by its side effects. You can also soak your hands in sour cream, yogurt, or whole milk. Read on to learn more about how long capsaicin stays on the skin, its benefits, and some important warnings. If capsaicin gets on your face, scalp, or in your mouth, it may cause a burning sensation. Chen J, Huang GD, Tan SR, Guo J, Su ZQ. This suggests that it can reduce the kidneys ability to retain sodium. Drug delivery by an enzyme-mediated cyclization of a lipid prodrug with unique bilayer-formation properties. Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals. Wang et al., (2001) also noticed that increasing the cross-linking of the hydrogels decreased the release rate of capsaicin from the polymer-matrix. If we combine this information with your protected The pain in your muscle or joint will gradually diminish over time. In contrast, NLCs have a less ordered crystalline structure. Mayo Clinic does not endorse companies or products. This is especially true for nanoparticle-based capsaicin formulations which cause minimum discomfort in animal models. Use a sunscreen when you are outdoors. As a result, neurogenic inflammation will stop, and you wont feel the sensation of pain. Capsaicin is now accepted in scientific circles as the active ingredient in chili peppers. One of the best ways to get pain relief is by using capsaicin patches or capsaicin creams. Mucous membrane itching can be countered with lidocaine gel, while capsaicin-triggered asthma can be countered with corticosteroids, oral antihistamines, and nebulized bronchodilators. In contrast, Reilly et al., (2003) did not detect any vanillylamine or vanillin metabolites in the S9 fraction [24]. They observed that the topical ethosomal formulation of Bhut Jolokia caused substantial decrease in joint swelling, hyperalgesia, edema and pain-sensation in Freunds adjuvant inducted arthritis in Wistar albino rats.
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